Kutembenuza kumagwiritsa ntchito lathe kuchotsa zinthu kunja kwa chogwirira ntchito chozungulira, pomwe chotopetsa chimachotsa mkati mwa chogwirira ntchito chozungulira.#base
Kutembenuza ndi njira yochotsa zinthu kuchokera kunja kwa kachipangizo kozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito lathe.Odula mfundo imodzi amadula zitsulo kuchokera ku chogwirira ntchito kukhala (choyenera) tchipisi tating'ono, chakuthwa chomwe ndi chosavuta kuchotsa.
CNC lathe yokhala ndi liwiro lodulira nthawi zonse imalola wogwiritsa ntchito kusankha liwiro lodulira, ndiyeno makinawo amasintha RPM pomwe chida chodulira chimadutsa ma diameter osiyanasiyana panjira yakunja ya workpiece.Ma lathe amakono amapezekanso mu ma turret amodzi ndi masinthidwe a turret awiri: ma turrets amodzi amakhala ndi axis yopingasa komanso yowongoka, ndipo ma turrets awiri amakhala ndi nkhwangwa zopingasa komanso zowongoka pa turret.
Zida zokhotakhota zoyambirira zinali zidutswa zolimba zamakona anayi zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri zokhala ndi ngodya zolowera mbali imodzi.Chida chikatopa, wosula maloko amachinola pa chopukusira kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza.Zida za HSS zikadali zofala pazingwe zakale, koma zida za carbide zakhala zodziwika kwambiri, makamaka mu mawonekedwe amtundu umodzi.Carbide imakhala ndi kukana kovala bwino komanso kuuma, zomwe zimawonjezera zokolola ndi moyo wa zida, koma ndizokwera mtengo ndipo zimafunikira chidziwitso kuti zibwererenso.
Kutembenuka ndi kuphatikiza kwa liniya (chida) ndi mayendedwe a rotary (workpiece).Choncho, kudula liwiro kumatanthauzidwa ngati mtunda wozungulira (wolembedwa ngati sfm - pamwamba phazi pamphindi - kapena smm - mita imodzi pa mphindi - kuyenda kwa mfundo pamwamba pa gawolo mu mphindi imodzi).Feedrate (yofotokozedwa mu mainchesi kapena mamilimita pa revolution) ndi mtunda wa mzere umene chida chimayenda kapena kudutsa pamwamba pa workpiece.Kudyetsa kumawonetsedwanso ngati mtunda wa mzere (mu/min kapena mm/mphindi) womwe chida chimayenda mphindi imodzi.
Zofunikira za chakudya zimasiyana malinga ndi cholinga cha ntchitoyo.Mwachitsanzo, mu roughing, chakudya chapamwamba nthawi zambiri chimakhala bwino kuti chiwonjezeke zitsulo zochotsa zitsulo, koma kukhwima kwakukulu ndi mphamvu zamakina zimafunika.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kutsirizitsa kutembenuza kungathe kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya kuti chikwaniritse kuuma kwapamwamba komwe kumatchulidwa pagawo lojambula.
Kuchita bwino kwa chida chodulira kumadalira kwambiri mbali ya chida chokhudzana ndi chogwirira ntchito.Mawu omwe afotokozedwa m'chigawo chino amagwira ntchito pa kudula ndi kulowetsa chilolezo komanso amagwiranso ntchito pazida zokhala ndi mfundo imodzi.
Ngongole yapamwamba (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti back rake angle) ndi yomwe imapangidwa pakati pa ngodya yoyikapo ndi mzere wolunjika ku chogwirira ntchito mukayang'ana kumbali, kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa chida.Mbali ya pamwamba imakhala yabwino pamene ngodya ya kumtunda yatsetsereka kuchoka pamalo odulidwa kupita ku shank;kusalowerera ndale pamene mzere pamwamba pa choyikapo chikufanana ndi pamwamba pa shank;ndi kusalowerera ndale pamene chapendekeka kuchokera pamalo odulirapo.ndi apamwamba kuposa chogwirizira chida, chapamwamba angatenge ngodya ndi negative..Masamba ndi zogwirira zimagawidwanso mu ngodya zabwino ndi zoipa.Zoyikapo zopendekera bwino zimakhala ndi mbali zopindika komanso zogwirizira zokhala ndi ngodya zabwino komanso zam'mbali.Zoyikapo zoyipa zimakhala ndi mainchesi molingana ndi pamwamba pa tsamba komanso zogwirira ntchito zokhala ndi ngodya zopingasa pamwamba ndi m'mbali.Pamwamba angatenge ngodya ndi wapadera chifukwa zimadalira geometry wa kuika: ndithu pansi kapena kupanga chipbreakers akhoza kusintha ogwira pamwamba angatenge ngodya kuchokera zoipa kuti zabwino.Ma angles apamwamba amakhalanso okulirapo popangira zida zofewa kwambiri zomwe zimafunikira ma angles akuluakulu ometa ubweya, pomwe zida zolimba, zolimba zimadulidwa bwino ndi geometry yandale kapena yolakwika.
The ofananira nawo angatenge ngodya anapanga pakati pa mapeto nkhope ya tsamba ndi mzere perpendicular workpiece, monga tikuonera kumapeto nkhope.Ma angles awa ndi abwino pamene amakokedwa kutali ndi m'mphepete mwake, osalowererapo pamene ali perpendicular kwa odulidwa, ndi olakwika pamene akukwera mmwamba.Kuthekera makulidwe a chida zimadalira mbali angatenge ngodya, ngodya ang'onoang'ono kulola kugwiritsa ntchito zida thicker kuti kuwonjezera mphamvu koma amafuna apamwamba kudula mphamvu.Ngodya zazikuluzikulu zimatulutsa tchipisi tating'onoting'ono komanso zofunikira zochepetsera mphamvu, koma kupyola mulingo woyenera kwambiri, m'mphepete mwake mumafowoka ndikutumiza kutentha kumachepetsedwa.
Mapeto kudula bevel aumbike pakati pa kudula m'mphepete mwa tsamba kumapeto kwa chida ndi mzere perpendicular kumbuyo kwa chogwirira.Ngodya iyi imatanthawuza kusiyana pakati pa chida chodulira ndi malo omalizidwa a workpiece.
Mapeto mpumulo ili m'munsimu mapeto kudula m'mphepete ndipo aumbike pakati pa mapeto nkhope ya amaika ndi mzere perpendicular m'munsi mwa shank.Tip overhang imakulolani kuti mupangitse mbali yopumula (yopangidwa ndi kumapeto kwa shank ndi mzere wa perpendicular ku muzu wa shank) waukulu kuposa mbali yothandizira.
Mbali yachilolezo cha mbali ikufotokoza ngodya pansi pa mbali yodula mbali.Zimapangidwa ndi mbali za tsamba ndi mzere perpendicular kumunsi kwa chogwirira.Mofanana ndi bwana wotsiriza, overhang imalola mpumulo wa mbali (wopangidwa ndi mbali ya chogwirira ndi mzere wa perpendicular kumunsi kwa chogwirira) kukhala wamkulu kuposa mpumulo.
Njira yotsogolera (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mbali yodula mbali kapena mbali yotsogolera) imapangidwa pakati pa mbali yodula m'mphepete mwa kuikapo ndi mbali ya chogwirizira.Ngodya iyi imatsogolera chidacho muzogwirira ntchito, ndipo pamene chikukula, chip chokulirapo, chocheperako chimapangidwa.Maonekedwe a geometry ndi zinthu za workpiece ndizofunikira kwambiri posankha mbali yotsogolera ya chida chodulira.Mwachitsanzo, zida zokhala ndi ngodya ya helix yowongoka zimatha kugwira bwino ntchito podula malo opindika, osapitilira, kapena olimba popanda kuwononga kwambiri m'mphepete mwa chida chodulira.Ogwira ntchito ayenera kulinganiza phindu ili ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mbali ndi kugwedezeka, popeza ma angles akuluakulu okweza amapanga mphamvu zazikulu za radial.Zida zotembenuza zero phula zimapereka m'lifupi mwa chip wofanana ndi kuya kwa kudula potembenuza ntchito, pamene zida zodulira zokhala ndi ngodya ya chinkhoswe zimalola kuya kogwira mtima kwa kudula ndi m'lifupi mwake chip kupitirira kuya kwenikweni kwa kudula pa workpiece.Ntchito zambiri zokhotakhota zitha kuchitidwa bwino ndi ma degree a 10 mpaka 30 (makina a metric amatembenuza ngodya kuchokera ku madigiri 90 kupita kwina, kupangitsa njira yoyenera yofikira kukhala madigiri 80 mpaka 60).
Nsonga ndi mbali zonse ziyenera kukhala ndi mpumulo wokwanira ndi mpumulo kuti chida chilowetsedwe.Ngati palibe kusiyana, palibe tchipisi chomwe chidzapangike, koma ngati palibe kusiyana kokwanira, chidacho chimapaka ndi kupanga kutentha.Zida zotembenuza mfundo imodzi zimafunikiranso mpumulo wa nkhope ndi mbali kuti ulowe mu odulidwa.
Potembenuza, chogwiriracho chimayikidwa ndi tangential, radial ndi axial kudula mphamvu.Chikoka chachikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu chimayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu za tangential;axial mphamvu (zakudya) akanikizire gawo mu njira kotalika;ndi mphamvu zozungulira (kuya kwa kudula) zimakonda kukankhira chogwirira ntchito ndi chogwiritsira ntchito."Kudula mphamvu" ndiko kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zitatuzi.Pa ngodya ya ziro yokwera, ali mu chiŵerengero cha 4: 2: 1 (tangential: axial: radial).Pamene mbali yotsogolera ikuwonjezeka, mphamvu ya axial imachepa ndipo mphamvu yodulira ma radial imawonjezeka.
Mtundu wa shank, utali wa ngodya, ndi mawonekedwe oyikapo amakhalanso ndi chiwongola dzanja chachikulu pakutha kwakutali koyenera kwa choyikapo.Kuphatikizika kwina kwa ma radius ndi chosungira kungafunikire kulipidwa kuti muthe kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malirewo.
Ubwino wapamtunda pakutembenuza kumadalira kulimba kwa chida, makina ndi workpiece.Mukakhazikika, mgwirizano pakati pa chakudya chamakina (mu/rev kapena mm/rev) ndi kuyika kapena mbiri ya mphuno ya chida zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muwone momwe ntchitoyo ilili.Mbiri ya mphuno imawonetsedwa molingana ndi radius: kumlingo wina, radius yokulirapo imatanthawuza kutha kwapamwamba, koma utali wokulirapo kwambiri ungayambitse kugwedezeka.Pamachitidwe opanga makina omwe amafunikira utali wocheperako wokwanira, kuchuluka kwa chakudya kungafunikire kuchepetsedwa kuti mukwaniritse zomwe mukufuna.
Mphamvu yofunikira ikafika, zokolola zimawonjezeka ndi kuya kwa kudula, chakudya ndi liwiro.
Kuzama kwa kudula ndikosavuta kuwonjezereka, koma kuwongolera kumatheka ndi zinthu zokwanira komanso mphamvu.Kuchulukitsa kuwirikiza kwa kudula kumawonjezera zokolola popanda kuwonjezera kutentha, kulimba kwamphamvu, kapena mphamvu yodulira pa kiyubiki inchi kapena centimita (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mphamvu yodula).Izi kuwirikiza mphamvu chofunika, koma chida moyo si kuchepetsedwa ngati chida akukumana ndi zofunika tangential kudula mphamvu.
Kusintha mlingo wa chakudya n'kosavuta.Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa chip ndikuwonjezera (koma sikuwirikiza) mphamvu zodulira, kutentha, ndi mphamvu zofunika.Kusintha uku kumachepetsa moyo wa zida, koma osati theka.Mphamvu yeniyeni yodula (mphamvu yodula yokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zachotsedwa) imachepanso ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya.Pamene kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumachulukirachulukira, mphamvu yowonjezereka yomwe imagwira pamphepete imatha kupangitsa kuti ma dimples apangike pamwamba pa choyikapo chifukwa cha kutentha komanso kukangana komwe kumachitika podula.Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa kusinthaku kuti apewe kulephera koopsa komwe tchipisi zimakhala zamphamvu kuposa tsamba.
Sichinthu chanzeru kuonjezera liwiro lodula poyerekeza ndi kusintha kuya kwa kudula ndi kudyetsa.Kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro kunayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa kudula ndi kuchepa kwa kukameta ubweya ndi mphamvu zenizeni zodulira.Kuwirikiza liwiro la kudula kumafuna mphamvu yowonjezera ndikudula moyo wa chida ndi theka.Katundu weniweni pamtengowo ukhoza kuchepetsedwa, koma kutentha kwapamwamba kumadzetsabe ma craters.
Insert wear ndi chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha kupambana kapena kulephera kwa ntchito iliyonse yotembenuka.Zizindikiro zina wamba ndi tchipisi zosavomerezeka ndi mavuto workpiece kapena makina.Monga lamulo, wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuloza choyikacho ku 0.030 in. (0.77 mm) kuvala chakumbali.Kuti amalize ntchito, wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuloza pa mtunda wa 0.015 mkati (0.38 mm) kapena kuchepera.
Zosungira zoyikamo zotsekeredwa mwamakina zimatsatira miyezo isanu ndi inayi ya ISO ndi ANSI yozindikiritsa dongosolo.
Kalata yoyamba m'dongosolo ikuwonetsa njira yolumikizira chinsalu.Mitundu inayi yodziwika ndiyofala, koma mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mitundu ingapo.
Zoyika zamtundu wa C zimagwiritsa ntchito chotchingira chapamwamba pazoyika zomwe zilibe bowo lapakati.Dongosololi limadalira mikangano ndipo ndiloyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zoyika zabwino pakati pazapakati mpaka zopepuka komanso ntchito zotopetsa.
Zolowetsa M gwirani chotchinga chotchinga chotchinga chokhala ndi loko ya cam yomwe imakanikizira choyikapo pakhoma la khomo.Chophimba chapamwamba chimagwira kumbuyo kwa choyikapo ndikuchilepheretsa kukweza pamene katundu wodula akugwiritsidwa ntchito kunsonga kwa choyikapo.Zoyikapo za M ndizoyenera kwambiri kuyika pakati pa hole negative mokhotakhota mokhotakhota.
Zoyika zamtundu wa S zimagwiritsa ntchito zomangira za Torx kapena Allen koma zimafunikira kuwerengera kapena kuthira.Zopangira zitsulo zimatha kugwira kutentha kwambiri, kotero kuti makinawa ndi oyenerera kuti azitha kutembenuka mopepuka komanso motopetsa.
Kuyika kwa P kumagwirizana ndi muyezo wa ISO wakutembenuza mipeni.Choyikacho chimakanikizidwa pakhoma la thumba ndi lever yozungulira, yomwe imapendekeka pamene chowongoleracho chimayikidwa.Zoyika izi ndizoyenera kwambiri zoyikapo zolakwika ndi mabowo apakati mpaka olemetsa, koma sizimasokoneza kukweza kuyika pakudula.
Gawo lachiwiri limagwiritsa ntchito zilembo kusonyeza mawonekedwe a tsamba.Gawo lachitatu limagwiritsa ntchito zilembo kuwonetsa kuphatikizika kwa zingwe zowongoka kapena zowongolera ndi ma angle a helix.
Chilembo chachinayi chimasonyeza kutsogolo kwa chogwirira kapena kumbuyo kwa tsamba.Pa ngodya ya kangaude, P ndi ngodya yolondola pamene kuchuluka kwa ngodya yolowera kumapeto ndi kocheperako sikukwana madigiri 90;N ndi ngodya yokhotakhota pamene kuchuluka kwa ngodyazi ndi kwakukulu kuposa madigiri 90;O ndiye ngodya yosalowerera ndale, kuchuluka kwake komwe kuli madigiri 90 ndendende.Chilolezo chenichenicho chimasonyezedwa ndi chimodzi mwa zilembo zingapo.
Chachisanu ndi chilembo chosonyeza dzanja lomwe lili ndi chida.R akuwonetsa kuti ndi chida chakumanja chomwe chimadula kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere, pomwe L amafanana ndi chida chakumanzere chomwe chimadula kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja.Zida za N sizilowerera ndipo zimatha kudula mbali iliyonse.
Gawo 6 ndi 7 limafotokoza kusiyana pakati pa makina oyezera achifumu ndi metric.Mu dongosolo lachifumu, zigawozi zimagwirizana ndi manambala awiri osonyeza gawo la bulaketi.Pa ma square shank, chiwerengerocho ndi chiŵerengero cha chigawo chimodzi cha khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi cha m'lifupi ndi kutalika (5/8 inchi ndi kusintha kuchokera ku "0x" kupita ku "xx"), pamene zingwe zamakona anayi, nambala yoyamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuimira zisanu ndi zitatu za m'lifupi.kotala, nambala yachiwiri imayimira kotala la kutalika kwake.Pali zochepa zochepa pa dongosololi, monga chogwirira cha 1¼” x 1½”, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito dzina 91. Dongosolo la metric limagwiritsa ntchito manambala awiri kutalika ndi m'lifupi.(madongosolo otani.) Motero, tsamba lamakona anayi kutalika kwa 15 mm ndi 5 mm mulifupi lingakhale ndi nambala 1505.
Gawo la VIII ndi IX limasiyananso pakati pa mayunitsi achifumu ndi metric.Mu dongosolo lachifumu, gawo 8 likunena za miyeso yoyikapo, ndipo gawo 9 likunena za nkhope ndi kutalika kwa zida.Kukula kwa tsamba kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kukula kwa bwalo lolembedwa, mu increments imodzi mwa eyiti ya inchi.Kutalika kwa mapeto ndi zida kumasonyezedwa ndi zilembo: AG ya kukula kwa zida zovomerezeka zapambuyo ndi zomaliza, ndi MU (popanda O kapena Q) pazitsulo zovomerezeka za kutsogolo ndi kumapeto.Mu metric system, gawo 8 limatanthawuza kutalika kwa chida, ndipo gawo 9 limatanthawuza kukula kwa tsamba.Kutalika kwa chida kumasonyezedwa ndi zilembo, pamene kukula kwake kwa rectangular ndi parallelogram kulowetsamo, manambala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kutalika kwa mbali yayitali kwambiri mu millimeters, kunyalanyaza ma decimals ndi manambala amodzi patsogolo ndi ziro.Mitundu ina imagwiritsa ntchito utali wam'mbali mu mamilimita (m'mimba mwake wa tsamba lozungulira) komanso kunyalanyaza ma decimals ndikuyika manambala amodzi okhala ndi ziro.
Dongosolo la metric limagwiritsa ntchito gawo la khumi ndi lomaliza, lomwe limaphatikizapo maudindo a mabatani oyenerera okhala ndi kulekerera kwa ± 0.08mm kumbuyo ndi kumapeto (Q), kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo (F), ndi kumbuyo, kutsogolo ndi kumapeto (B).
Zida zopangira mfundo imodzi zimapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, makulidwe ndi zida.Odula mfundo imodzi akhoza kupangidwa kuchokera kuchitsulo chothamanga kwambiri, chitsulo cha carbon, cobalt alloy kapena carbide.Komabe, pamene makampaniwo adasinthiratu zida zosinthira zokhala ndi nsonga zokhotakhota, mtengo wa zida izi zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zosafunika kwenikweni.
Zida zokhala ndi nsonga zomangira zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotsika mtengo komanso nsonga kapena zopanda kanthu zazitsulo zodula kwambiri zomangika mpaka podulira.Zipangizo zamalangizo zimaphatikizapo chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri, carbide ndi cubic boron nitride.Zida izi zimapezeka mu makulidwe A mpaka G, ndipo masitayelo a A, B, E, F, ndi G atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zodulira kudzanja lamanja kapena lamanzere.Kwa ziboda zamabwalo, nambala yomwe ikutsatira chilembocho ikuwonetsa kutalika kapena m'lifupi mwa mpeni mu magawo khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi a inchi.Kwa mipeni ya square shank, nambala yoyamba ndi chiwerengero cha m'lifupi mwa shank mu gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi atatu a inchi, ndipo nambala yachiwiri ndi chiwerengero cha kutalika kwa shank mu kotala la inchi.
Kumapeto kwa zida zomangika kumatengera kukula kwa shank ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti kukula kwa chida ndikoyenera kumaliza.
Kutopetsa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pomaliza mabowo akulu obowola kapena kubowola mabowo mu forgings.Zida zambiri ndizofanana ndi zida zosinthira kunja, koma mbali yodulira ndiyofunikira kwambiri chifukwa chazovuta zochotsa chip.
Kusasunthika ndikofunikanso kuti ntchito yotopetsa.The anaboola awiri ndi kufunika zina chilolezo mwachindunji zimakhudza pazipita kukula kwa bala wotopetsa.The overhang kwenikweni wa zitsulo boring bar ndi kuwirikiza kanayi m'mimba mwake shank.Kupyola malirewa kungakhudze kuchuluka kwachitsulo chochotsa chitsulo chifukwa cha kutayika kwa kuuma komanso kuwonjezeka kwa mwayi wogwedezeka.
Diameter, modulus of elasticity ya zinthu, kutalika, ndi katundu pa mtengo zimakhudza kuuma ndi kupotoza, ndi m'mimba mwake kukhala ndi chikoka chachikulu, kutsatiridwa ndi kutalika.Kuchulukitsa kwa ndodo kapena kufupikitsa kutalika kumawonjezera kuuma.
The modulus elasticity zimadalira zinthu ntchito ndipo sasintha chifukwa cha kutentha mankhwala.Zitsulo ndizosakhazikika pa 30,000,000 psi, zitsulo zolemera zimakhala zokhazikika pa 45,000,000 psi, ndipo carbides ndizokhazikika pa 90,000,000 psi.
Komabe, ziwerengerozi ndizokhazikika, ndipo mipiringidzo yoboola chitsulo cha shank imapereka ntchito yokhutiritsa pamapulogalamu ambiri mpaka 4: 1 L/D chiŵerengero.Mipiringidzo yoboola yokhala ndi tungsten carbide shank imachita bwino pamlingo wa 6: 1 L/D.
Mphamvu zodulira ma radial ndi axial panthawi yotopetsa zimadalira mbali yamalingaliro.Kuchulukitsa mphamvu yopondereza pamakona ang'onoang'ono okweza kumathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kugwedezeka.Pamene mbali yotsogolera ikuwonjezeka, mphamvu ya ma radial imawonjezeka, ndipo mphamvu yokhazikika kumalo odulidwa imakulanso, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwedezeka.
Mlingo woyenera wokwezera mabowowo ndi 0° mpaka 15° (Imperial. Metric lift angle ndi 90° mpaka 75°).Pamene ngodya yotsogolera ndi madigiri 15, mphamvu yodulira radial imakhala yaikulu kuwirikiza kawiri pamene mbali yotsogolera ili madigiri 0.
Pazochita zambiri zotopetsa, zida zodulira zabwino zimakondedwa chifukwa zimachepetsa mphamvu zodulira.Komabe, zida zabwino zimakhala ndi ngodya yocheperako, kotero wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kudziwa za kuthekera kwa kulumikizana pakati pa chidacho ndi chogwirira ntchito.Kuonetsetsa kuti kuloledwa kokwanira ndikofunikira makamaka pobowola mabowo ang'onoang'ono awiri.
Mphamvu zama radial ndi tangential pakutopetsa zimawonjezeka pamene mphuno ikuwonjezeka, koma mphamvuzi zimakhudzidwanso ndi mbali yotsogolera.Kuzama kwa kudula kukakhala wotopetsa kungasinthe ubalewu: ngati kuya kwa kudula kuli kwakukulu kuposa kapena kofanana ndi utali wa ngodya, mbali yotsogolera imatsimikizira mphamvu ya radial.Ngati kuya kwa kudula kuli kochepa kuposa utali wa ngodya, kuya kwa kudula kumawonjezera mphamvu ya radial.Vutoli limapangitsa kukhala kofunika kwambiri kuti ogwira ntchito agwiritse ntchito mphuno yocheperako kusiyana ndi kuya kwa kudula.
Horn USA yapanga njira yosinthira zida mwachangu yomwe imachepetsa nthawi yosinthira ndikusintha zida pazingwe za Swiss style, kuphatikiza zomwe zimakhala ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi mkati.
Ofufuza a UNCC amayambitsa kusinthika kukhala njira zothandizira.Cholinga chinali kuswa chip, koma kuchuluka kwachitsulo chochotsa zitsulo kunali kosangalatsa.
Nkhwangwa zozungulira zozungulira pamakinawa zimalola mitundu yambiri yazigawo zovuta kuzipanga munjira imodzi, koma makinawa ndi ovuta kuwakonza.Komabe, mapulogalamu amakono a CAM amathandizira kwambiri ntchito yokonza mapulogalamu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-04-2023